形容词是为名词或代词提供质量或数量信息的词。形容词包括很多种，都是用来描述某物的。冠词也属于形容词，因为它们修饰名词。
- Example
- He has a cute puppy.
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This movie is my favorite.
Contents
形容词的种类
| 形容词类别 | 形容词功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 描述性形容词 | 描述一个名词或代词 | We saw a beautiful sunset. |
| 数量形容词 | 提供名词或代词的数量信息 | She brought three bags of chips. |
| 专有形容词 | 以专有名词的形容词形式出现 | Japanese animations are very popular. |
| 指示形容词 | 直接指某事或某人 | This book is well-written. |
| 所有格形容词 | 表示所有者的事物 | Did you see my pen? |
| 疑问形容词 | 表示某个问题 | Which song is your favorite? |
| 非确定形容词 | 提供相关名词的非确定性信息 | He found a few crystals in the cave. |
| 复合形容词 | 将至少两个词组合成一个用来修饰名词的词汇单元 | The composite is composed of fine-milled filaments. |
描述性形容词
描述性形容词用于描述名词或代词。它们提供关于某物的修饰性信息。
- Example
- The girl has a doll.
The girl has a pretty doll.
在上例中，“pretty”是一个描述性形容词。它描述了女孩的洋娃娃。
- Example
- We used a system to detect the response.
We used an adaptive system to detect the transient response.
描述性形容词通常表达重要信息。“A system to detect the response”是语义模糊的，不够确切。“An adaptive system to detect the transient response”就具体得多，因此表达的信息更为丰富。
数量形容词
数量形容词描述一个名词的数量。这个数量可以是一个精确的数字。
- Example
- Bacteria samples were cultivated for the experiment.
Three bacteria samples were cultivated for the experiment.
需要注意的是，数量形容词也包括“whole”或“complete”等词。
- Example
- A voltage drop can cause the instrument to malfunction.
A complete voltage drop can cause the instrument to malfunction.
专有形容词
专有形容词就是专有名词的形容词形式。专有名词是特定名称，通常以大写字母开头。民族、语言、机构和学校都属于专有名词。
- Example
- Korean fried chicken is the tastiest.
- Example
- The admissions officer told me that Harvard classes are rigorous.
- Example
- Did you pick up the French textbook?
Korean, Harvard和French都是专有名词。然而，在上述语境中，它们被当作形容词使用。
指示形容词
指示形容词直接指示名词。
- Example
- This paper proposes a new algorithm that can detect seismic signals.
- Example
- Please be careful; those books are very old.
指示形容词必须位于它所描述的名词的前面。
- Incorrect
- Star that is the brightest in the sky.
- Correct
- That star is the brightest in the sky.
常用的指示形容词包括: that, this, those, these
所有格形容词
所有格形容词指示的是拥有或占有某个给定名词的人。
- Example
- Our results revealed that a sudden drop in voltage can lead to enhanced performance.
- Example
- He was reading when his brother called him.
像指示形容词一样，所有格形容词也必须总是位于它所描述的名词的前面
- Incorrect
- The results of study their were found to be inaccurate.
- Correct
- The results of their study were found to be inaccurate.
常用的所有格形容词包括: my, your, his, her, our, their, its
疑问形容词
疑问形容词表示疑问句。
- Example
- Whose textbook is that?
- Example
- What is the motivation behind this study?
- Example
- Which sample is the most viable?
疑问形容词只有以下三个: what, which, whose
非确定形容词
非确定形容词描述的是关于名词的不确定信息。
- Example
- While it is possible to argue for some association between the subgroups, no concrete evidence was found.
在上例中，作者没有给出关于子群体之间关联的具体数字或数据。
- Example
- Every sample was tested for contamination reduction.
- Example
- It was found that most of the subjects were not up to date on their vaccines.
常用的非确定形容词包括: some, every, each, most, several, many
复合形容词
复合形容词通常是描述名词的复合词。组成复合形容词的单词之间使用连字符连接。
- Example
- We have developed a long-term solution to transient electromagnetic interference.
- Example
- The bitter old man was once a naïve, bright-eyed boy.
然而，复合形容词也可以是单词的简单组合，通常用引号括起来。这在学术写作中不常见，但在口语中很常见。
- Example
- She had her hair pulled back into her “I could not be bothered to care” bun.
形容词的程度表示形式
在表示比较的意思时，形容词的形式会发生变化。比较包括三种程度：原级，比较级，最高级。以形容词“bright”为例，
- 原级
- He picked up the bright lamp.
- 比较级
- He picked up the brighter lamp.
- 最高级
- He picked up the brightest lamp.
并不是所有形容词的比较级和最高级都是与原级拼写形式不同的词。许多形容词的比较级和最高级都是通过简单添加“more”或“most”来构造的。一个典型的例子是“brilliant”这个形容词。
- 原级
- He is a brilliant student.
- 比较级
- He is a more brilliant student.
- 最高级
- He is the most brilliant student.
在学术写作中使用形容词
一般来讲，学术写作应当尽量简明扼要。这意味着只能在提供必要信息时才能使用形容词。使用太多的形容词会使句子变得冗长难懂。
- Example
- We developed a three-dimensional model of the protein gloverin.
在上例中，“three-dimensional”是一个复合形容词，它表达了相关模型的重要信息。省略这个形容词会造成重要信息的丢失。
- Example
- We developed a highly informative three-dimensional computer model of the antibacterial insect protein gloverin.
这个例子是在上个例子的基础上增加了形容词。“Highly informative”和“computer”并没有提供关于模型的更多信息，它们只是把句子变得冗长。而“antibacterial”和“insect”这两个词则是让句子冗长得别扭。实际上，这两个形容词所提供的信息最好是另起一个从句来表达，如下例。
- Example
- We developed a three-dimensional model of gloverin, an antibacterial insect protein that is isolated from silk moth pupae.